Legal and Ethical Challenges in Regulating the Use of Health Technology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54518/rh.6.1.2026.892Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Electronic Medical Records, Health Technology, Legal Issues, Patient Rights, TelemedicineAbstract
Advances in digital technology have driven transformation in healthcare systems through innovations such as telemedicine, artificial intelligence, and electronic medical records. While offering efficiency and accessibility, the use of these technologies raises complex legal challenges that are not yet fully accommodated in positive law, particularly in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal issues of health technology use in Indonesia and provide recommendations for legal reform to ensure patients’ rights are protected ethically and fairly. This study uses a normative-conceptual approach to examine legal issues arising in the context of health technology, including personal data protection, liability for technological errors, the validity of informed consent, and jurisdictional conflicts in telemedicine. The results of the study indicate an urgent need to reform existing regulations, establish technology audit mechanisms, improve legal literacy among medical personnel, and strengthen cross-regional cooperation. Thus, legal reform is an important prerequisite for ensuring the ethical and fair use of health technology and protecting patients’ rights.
Downloads
References
Annan, A. (2024). Tinjauan yuridis perlindungan data pribadi pada sektor kesehatan berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 27 Tahun 2022. Synergy: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 1(4), 247-254.
Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2001). Respect for autonomy. Principles of biomedical ethics, 5(5), 57-112.
Bonsapia, M. (2025). Aspek hukum telemedicine di indonesia. The Juris, 9(1), 259-268.
European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence act). Retrieved on October, 25, 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021PC0206
Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2022). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Machine learning and the city: Applications in architecture and urban design, 6(4), 535-545.
Gellert, R., & Gutwirth, S. (2013). The legal construction of privacy and data protection. Computer Law & Security Review, 29(5), 522–530.
Georgiou, D., & Lambrinoudakis, C. (2021). Data protection impact assessment (DPIA) for cloud-based health organizations. Future Internet, 13(3), 66-77.
Gerke, S., Minssen, T., & Cohen, G. (2020). Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence-driven healthcare. In Artificial intelligence in healthcare (pp. 295-336). Elseiver: Academic Press.
Hanifa, S., & Wicaksono, K. E. (2025, June). Digital transformation of health services in Indonesia through the utilization of artificial intelligence, big data, and telemedicine: Systematic literature review-VOSviewer. In Proceeding International Conference Of Innovation Science, Technology, Education, Children and Health (Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 181-192). Cham: DIII.
Heriani, I., & Adlina, N. A. (2024). Aspek hukum telemedicine di Indonesia: Tantangan dan peluang dalam era digital. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence, Economic and Legal Theory, 2(3), 1398-1405.
Hermawan, D., & Jamaludin, A. (2025). Legal certainty in the use of artificial intelligence for healthcare and medical diagnosis. Research Horizon, 5(6), 2845-2854.
Institute for Policy Research and Advocacy (ELSAM). (2021). Personal data protection in digital health services in Indonesia. Jakarta: ELSAM Working Paper Series.
Jubaidi, D., & Khoirunnisa, K. (2025). Legal perspectives on the risks of medical malpractice in the implementation of artificial intelligence and telemedicine technologies. Aladalah: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora, 3(4), 77-100.
Judijanto, L., Solapari, N., & Putra, I. (2024). An analysis of the gap between data protection regulations and privacy rights implementation in Indonesia. The Easta Journal Law and Human Rights, 3(1), 20-29.
Kuntardjo, C. (2020). Healthcare logistics & supply chain management in the health industry of indonesia based on the telemedicine. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 9(3), 414-432.
Lam, K., Lange, B., Blili-Hamelin, B., Davidovic, J., Brown, S., & Hasan, A. (2024, June). A framework for assurance audits of algorithmic systems. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 1078–1092). New York: ACM.
Lodge, M., & Wegrich, K. (2012). Managing regulation: Regulatory analysis, politics and policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Marinelli, S., Basile, G., & Zaami, S. (2022). Telemedicine, telepsychiatry and COVID-19 pandemic: future prospects for global health. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 10, p. 2085). New York: MDPI.
McDougall, J. (2019). Media literacy versus fake news: critical thinking, resilience and civic engagement. Media studies, 10(19), 29-45.
Meskó, B., Drobni, Z., Bényei, É., Gergely, B., & Győrffy, Z. (2017). Digital health is a cultural transformation of traditional healthcare. Mhealth, 3(2), 38-49.
Mittelstadt, B. D., Allo, P., Taddeo, M., Wachter, S., & Floridi, L. (2016). The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate. Big Data & Society, 3(2), 1–21.
Mutiah, F., Sibuea, H., & Candra, M. (2025). Telemedicine regulation in Indonesia: legal frameworks, challenges, and future directions. Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia, 4(4), 242-251.
Muzam, J. (2023). The challenges of modern economy on the competencies of knowledge workers. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(2), 1635–1671.
Naik, N., Hameed, B. M., Shetty, D. K., Swain, D., Shah, M., Paul, R., ... & Somani, B. K. (2022). Legal and ethical consideration in artificial intelligence in healthcare: who takes responsibility?. Frontiers in surgery, 9(4), 862-872.
Nebeker, C., Torous, J., & Bartlett Ellis, R. J. (2019). Building the case for actionable ethics in digital health research supported by artificial intelligence. BMC medicine, 17(1), 137-150.
Nikolinakos, N. T. (2023). Ethical principles for trustworthy AI. In EU policy and legal framework for artificial intelligence, robotics and related technologies-the AI act (pp. 101–166). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Ozair, F. F., Jamshed, N., Sharma, A., & Aggarwal, P. (2015). Ethical issues in electronic health records: A general overview. Perspectives in clinical research, 6(2), 73-76.
Prabowo, A. (2025). The future of digital health: Integrating AI, big data, and telemedicine in global healthcare. In Proceeding International Conference of Innovation Science, Technology, Education, Children And Health (Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 146-157). Cham: DIII.
Price, W. N., & Cohen, I. G. (2019). Privacy in the age of medical big data. Nature Medicine, 25(9), 37–43.
Rose, S. L., & Shapiro, D. (2024). An ethically supported framework for determining patient notification and informed consent practices when using artificial intelligence in health care. Chest, 166(3), 572-578.
Shaw, J., Rudzicz, F., Jamieson, T., & Goldfarb, A. (2019). Artificial intelligence and the implementation challenge. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(7), 36-59.
Stoumpos, A. I., Kitsios, F., & Talias, M. A. (2023). Digital transformation in healthcare: Technology acceptance and its applications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 34-47.
Tehrani, S. S., Mashayekhi, J., Kazemi, A., & Biroudian, S. (2025). Ethical considerations in the application of artificial intelligence in health systems: a narrative review. Journal of Iranian Medical Council, 8(3), 411–418.
WHO. (2021). Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health: WHO guidance. Retrieved on October, 28, 2025, from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240029200.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusuf Brilliant, Yeni Jayanti, Ahmad Fikri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
